Contemporary Themes: Elementary education in this period is characterized by a focus on how classroom interactions, teacher expectations, and curricular practices shape learning and equity. Researchers foregrounded sociocultural processes in everyday teaching, combining classroom observations with broader sociological and psychological analyses to trace how norms, dispositions, and power relations influence student engagement and achievement. A central thread is that teaching is a social practice embedded in institutions and communities, which informs reform-oriented discussions about training, assessment, and policy in elementary settings.